NUML Journal of Economics (NJE) is a peer-reviewed academic journal of studies in the field of Economics. It is a bi-annual, open-access journal published by the National University of Modern Languages, NUML. The NUML Journal of Economics (NJE) serves as a scholarly platform for discussing and sharing advanced research in the field of Economics. NJE aims to enhance economic knowledge and practice through the publication of rigorously evaluated research contributions. NJE aims to contribute to the broader intellectual landscape by presenting scholarly works that enhance our understanding of economic theory, empirical analysis, and research methodologies. Its primary objective is to facilitate the exchange of fresh ideas, innovative approaches, and critical insights, thereby promoting a deeper grasp of economic phenomena and their implications. https://ejournal.poltekkes-pontianak.ac.id/index.php/JKK https://host.poltekkes-pontianak.shop/ Scope: NJE covers a wide range of economic sub-disciplines, including microeconomics, macroeconomics, quantitative analysis, qualitative exploration, and practical applications. The journal welcomes original submissions that explore various aspects of economic theory and practice, with a focus on investigating intricate connections between economic variables, policy consequences, and societal results. Articles submitted should not have been previously published or be currently under consideration for publication any place else and should report original unpublished research results. iteracy ROKOKBET https://sep.ejournal.unri.ac.id/ ROKOKBET https://proceeding.uns.ac.id/icsse ROKOKBET https://jurnal2.isi-dps.ac.id/index.php/amarasi rokokbet https://jurnal2.isi-dps.ac.id/index.php/retina ROKOKBET https://jurnal.uisu.ac.id/index.php/mesuisu ROKOKBET ROKOKBET ROKOKBET https://ejbm.eminentjournals.com/ ROKOKBET https://plus.architecturalperiodicals.com/ ROKOKBET https://journal.elsaonline.com/ ROKOKBET https://publish.scholarsin.com/ ROKOKBET ROKOKBET
National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad
Economic and Environmental Costs of Tourism: Evidence from District Abbottabad
Tourism plays an important role in economic development however; it also cost the environment and local population. This study analyzes the economic and environmental cost related with tourism and its impacts on local residents in the district Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Primary as well as secondary data is used. The responses of respondents including local residents, tourists, hotel managers and shopkeepers associated with economic and environmental costs are being captured via Questionnaires and interviews. It is found that tourism increase traffic congestion, prices of good, littering and noise pollution. Tourism is a key source of livelihood for millions of people however; it should be sustainable to conserve environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 NUML Journal of Economics
Factors Influencing Hotels’ Room Charges: A Case of Rawalpindi-Islamabad in Pakistan
The hotels charge various prices for rooms rented even in same locality and this is because of the fact that they provide various services for their customers. Customers also consider various characteristics when booking a hotel. Some hotels have more facilities than others. This study estimates the impact of various influencing factors on the room rates of hotels in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. We applied hedonic pricing model and used panel primary data obtained from 20 hotels for the time period 2010 to 2015, through questionnaire. We applied panel data technique namely random effect model. The results show that the star rating, availability of shuttle bus service within and outside the city, average number of conferences, gym, security guards, hotel location, online reservation, presence of garden and cafe have significant impact on hotel room rates. Online reservations, hotels located within city center and distance from airport have negative relationship with hotel room rates. The hotel owner should give priority to the security related attributes for customer satisfaction. The results of this paper will also be helpful for other hotels in Pakistan to consider the hotel attributes while charging for room rates.
Threshold Effects of Exchange Rates and Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Pakistan
This study examined the threshold effects of exchange rate and M2 money supply on economic growth in Pakistan, using seasonally adjusted quarterly time-series data from 1982-Q1 to 2020-Q4. Hansen’s (2000) threshold regression method was employed to endogenously determine multiple thresholds rather than imposing arbitrary breakpoints. The results confirmed three distinct threshold regimes for each variable. For the exchange rate, the first regime (low exchange rate) showed a significant positive effect on growth, the second regime (medium exchange rate) exhibited a significant negative effect, and the third regime (high exchange rate) revealed an insignificant effect. For the money supply, all three threshold regimes showed positive effects: strongest in the low M2 regime, weakest in the medium regime, and moderate recovery in the high regime. These findings confirm non-linear, regime-dependent effects, implying that the State Bank of Pakistan should calibrate exchange rate and monetary interventions according to prevailing threshold levels to maximize growth impact.
Impact of Terrorism on Macroeconomic Indicators of Pakistan
This study examines the impact of terrorism on selected macroeconomic indicators and human development in Pakistan during 1985-2023. Annual data are obtained from the World Development Indicators, Global Terrorism Database, and UNDP Human Development Reports. Terrorism is measured using annual terrorism incidents that caused casualties, while the economic variables include real GDP, real investment, real exports, real consumption, real FDI, real debt, defense expenditure, exchange rate, education, and HDI. The empirical analysis shows that terrorism has statistically significant short-run effects on real investment, real exports, defense expenditure, HDI, and exchange rate. The impulse response results indicate negative or mixed responses, particularly for real exports and HDI. The Johansen cointegration results confirm long-run relationships among the variables, and the normalized cointegrating equation suggests a negative long-run association between terrorism and real GDP. VECM results show significant adjustment for real GDP, real investment, real debt, defense expenditure, and HDI. The study concludes that terrorism weakens Pakistan's macroeconomic stability mainly through investment, exports, defense-expenditure pressure, exchange-rate movement, and human-development channels. Policy responses should combine counterterrorism with investment protection, export resilience, human-development spending, and careful fiscal management.
Female Labor Force Participation in the Economy of Pakistan
This study investigates the determinants of female labor force participation (FLFP) in Pakistan from 1980 to 2020. Access and growth in the participation of women in the labor force is essential for the economic development of any country and can make a significant contribution to the progress of the country. This study utilizes the bounds testing approach of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) with annual time-series data obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI 2021) to examine both the long-run and short-run relationship between FLFP and the selected macroeconomic variables such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI), GDP per capita (GDPPC), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), External Debt (ED), and Trade Openness (TOT). Before estimating, this is followed by a unit root test called Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test to check for stationarity. The results suggest that CPI has a positive and significant long run relationship with FLFP, while FDI and external debt have significant negative relationships, and trade openness has a significant negative relationship. The relationship of GDP per capita is positive but non-significant. The error correction model validates that around 71 percent of the deviations from the SR are corrected every year. These results indicate that macroeconomic stability and targeted policy measures are particularly important in improving the employment status of women in Pakistan.
Outcome of Bullying on Academic Performance: A Quantitative Analysis of Bullying in Higher Education
This research focuses on how bullying impacts academic performance for university students in Pakistan. Data was collected using an online survey among 711 university students. Regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationships between different forms of bullying and academic performance. The results showed that bullying negatively impacts academic performance and is highly correlated with psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. Of all types of bullying, cyber-bullying turns out to be the most prevalent form. This research provides important information about the problem of bullying among students in Pakistani universities.
Effects of Environmental Degradation on Health Outcome: A Case of Pakistan
This study investigates the dynamic relationship between environmental degradation, specifically carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, and public health outcomes in Pakistan over the period 1980–2023. Employing the Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach and the Error Correction Model (ECM), the research explores both short-run and long-run effects of CO₂ emissions on life expectancy and infant mortality. Additional socioeconomic variables, including public health expenditure, secondary school enrollment, food production index, and age dependency ratio, are incorporated to capture their moderating roles on health outcomes. The findings indicate that the high levels of CO₂ emissions have a serious negative long-term effect on the life expectancy, and it is possible to confirm the harmful role of environmental decline on the health of the population. The relationship between health expenditure in the short run is intricate, although there are also positive outcomes in the long run, there are also adverse outcomes that may be caused by reactive spending in health crises. Education is shown to have delayed yet positive relationship with health with the focus on long-run investment in human capital. The ECM confirms that there is a stable connection between the long-run, and about 69 percent of short-term disequilibrium in life expectancy is resolved each year. The results highlight the importance of active environmental control, effective investment in the health sector, and increased access to education in developing economies such as Pakistan as a solution to reduce the negative health impacts of environmental deterioration. This study uniquely contributes to the literature by providing country-specific, long-run empirical evidence on the environment-health nexus Pakistan.
Foreign Direct Investment and Industrial Competitiveness: A Panel Data Analysis of Selected Asian Economies
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is widely recognized as a key driver of industrial competitiveness and economic growth. This study examines the impact of FDI, human capital, transport infrastructure, exchange rate, political stability, and research and development (R&D) on industrial competitiveness for six Asian economies—Pakistan, China, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka over the period 1996–2020. The study contributes to the literature by offering a unified empirical framework that integrates financial, human, infrastructural, and institutional determinants within a dynamic panel setting. Descriptive statistics indicate moderate variation across variables, while correlation analysis suggests a positive association between industrial competitiveness, FDI, and human capital. The Panel ARDL results confirm the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables. However, the long-run estimates reveal that most explanatory variables, including exchange rate and political stability, are statistically insignificant, suggesting weak transmission mechanisms in the selected economies. Furthermore, the Durbin–Hausman test is employed to determine the appropriate model specification. The findings imply that, despite theoretical expectations, macroeconomic and institutional factors have a limited long-run impact on industrial competitiveness in the sample countries. The study recommends that policymakers focus on enhancing the effective utilization of FDI, strengthening human capital, and improving infrastructure quality to promote industrial competitiveness, while also addressing structural constraints that hinder the effectiveness of macroeconomic stability and institutional quality.
Comparative Perspectives on Supply Chain and Logistics Management: Insights from Business and Humanitarian Aid Organisations in Pakistan
Abstract Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Logistics Management (LM) are two broadly researched notions, but their contextual elucidation and practical distinction are under-researched, especially in developing and conflict-ridden countries. The given study deals with this theoretical dilemma and explores the understanding and operationalisation of SCM and LM in manufacturing and humanitarian assistance (HA) organisations in Pakistan, a place where economic and security considerations are unique and have to be fully addressed. A qualitative research design was used where semi-structured interviews were carried out with six organisations (three manufacturing, three aid organisations) under an interpretivist worldview. The results suggest that, although both sectors are characterized by overlapping roles, i.e., efficiency, timeliness in delivery, and involvement of multiple stakeholders, the two sectors differ greatly in their strategic orientation and operational environment. Manufacturing organisations emphasise supply chain integration and long-term strategic planning, whereas HA organisations prioritise responsiveness and adaptability to emergent needs. The study contributes to supply chain theory by contextualising SCM and LM distinctions in a developing, conflict-prone setting and offers managerial insights to enhance sector-specific supply chain strategies under challenging conditions.
Digital Economy, a catalyst for Pakistan's Economic Growth
This study explores the impact of main indicators from the digital economy on Pakistan’s economic growth from 1995 to 2023. For the data, this study uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The analysis includes the study’s results for the long and short term impacts of the GDP and five factors: ICT, education, internet usage, mobile network subscriptions and trade openness. According to the findings, ICT investment and mobile network subscriptions are the main reasons behind the increases in GDP over time. Alternatively, education and internet use actually relate negatively to GDP over a long period. This suggests that apart from poor schooling, being without fair digital skills and not using the internet for financial benefit may be two more possible causes. Even with open trade, countries may suffer from lower growth because of unbalanced related to exports and imports and difficulties in the digital arena. It is made clear by the research that digital gainers are held back by problems like structural constraints, inadequate coordination between policies and not being digitally equipped. Since this is important, the country needs a balanced investment in ICT, reforms in the education system, more digital literacy and better trade competitiveness to make digitalization a key part of its sustainable economic growth. Keywords: Digital Economy, ICT Investment, Economic Growth, ARDL, Internet Usage, Mobile Connectivity, Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2025 NUML Journal of Economics
Assessing the Economic Viability of Solar Panels and Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Solutions in Addressing Pakistan's Energy Crisis
Pakistan's severe energy crisis, marked by chronic load shedding and reliance on costly fossil fuel imports, necessitates an urgent transition to sustainable alternatives. This study evaluates the economic feasibility of grid-tied solar photovoltaic systems integrated with lithium-ion battery storage for residential and commercial users in Pakistan. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines primary data from structured surveys and interviews with 45 stakeholders (25 households, 15 small businesses, and 5 renewable energy industry experts) across Lahore, Islamabad, and Rawalpindi, alongside secondary market data and financial modeling. Unlike previous studies that focus either on solar alone or lack localized financial metrics, this study's primary contribution is the calculation of current, context-specific financial indicators—Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period—for solar-plus-battery systems in Pakistan. Key findings reveal a positive NPV of PKR 2,130,800, an IRR of 25.8%, and a payback period of 3.75 years, with average household savings of PKR 300,000 over five years. These results demonstrate that hybrid solar systems are both financially viable and environmentally beneficial. This paper provides actionable evidence for policymakers, investors, and households considering renewable energy adoption in Pakistan's evolving energy landscape. The study utilizes both qualitative interviews with stakeholders and quantitative research based on trusted secondary information to analyze the financial performance indicators including Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period. Solar energy transition will lead to substantial financial savings for households and businesses when applied over five years resulting in a typical reduction of PKR 300,000. The research indicates that combined solar systems deliver both beneficial financial returns and quintessential sustainability benefits through their reduction of carbon emissions. The study aims to provide important insights to decision-makers along with multiple stakeholders regarding the real-world impacts of renewable energy solutions adoption in Pakistan's growing energy sector.
The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Sustainable Economic Development in Pakistan
This study observes the effect of fiscal policy actions on Pakistan's economic dynamics. Using data for the variables GDP, Government spending, Budget deficit, Tax revenue and Unemployment from the World Development Indicator (WDI) and the Economic Survey of Pakistan (ESP) for the time span of 1990 to 2022, this research uses VECM and Johansen Cointegration methods for examination within a theoretical and empirical framework. The results reveal a long-term cointegration between GDP and fiscal indicators, particularly government expenses and tax revenues. Over the long-run, government spending and tax revenues show a significantly positive impact on Pakistan's GDP. Though, in the short-run, while government expenses show a positive effect, tax revenues show a negative impact on GDP. On the other hand, budget deficit and unemployment reveal a significant negative impact on Pakistan's GDP growth in the long-run. Though, in the short-run, budget deficit shows a developing positive impact on GDP.
Integrating Shale Gas Development and Hydroponic Farming: A Sustainable Pathway for Energy and Food Security in Pakistan
Pakistan is facing deep energy crisis primarily a severe energy deficit which has threatening sign for Pakistani Economy. To that end, this research paper explores whether shale gas development may be the solution to this crisis as it strives to improve food security through hydroponic farming. In the first part, the study entails a implication of the exploration potential of shale formations in Pakistan especially with regard to porosity, thickness and depth implications on rate of gas flow and drilling expenses. Consequently, the results suggest that the Pakistan’s shale gas resources contain about 105 trillion cubic feet, which defines significant potential for the production. Besides the assessment of the effectiveness of modern technical approaches to the development of the technology for shale gas extraction, the study focuses on the global tendencies for the implementation of the shale gas development with insistence on hydraulic fracturing technology. It also covers issues of environmental impact of the extraction techniques and measures on how these can be a versed to enhance sustainable practices on the environment. Economic viability of shale gas is determined by the evaluation of initial costs involved and the second, strength of its economic returns for the national economy in the long run. In addition, the paper goes further to demonstrate the practice of hydroponic farming as sustainable farm practice that can help reduce water usage while at the same time increase crop production. This research promotes a cross-sector cooperation with the energy and agriculture industries disclosing local opportunities to meet critical challenges in energy and food security. In the long run, strong and effective government policies regarding the shale gas drilling and hydroponic farming projects would indeed help in the creation of stronger economy of Pakistan for accommodating its increasing needs.
External factors that effect environmental sustainability in Pakistan
This study examines the relationship between external factors and environmental sustainability in Pakistan focusing on carbon emission as a dependent variable and FDI, Remittance, Population growth, and Imports as an independent variable. We explore the impact of external factors that affect environmental sustainability in the context of Pakistan. So we apply econometrics techniques such as unit root, Johnson cointegration, and vector error correction model test on the time series data over the period 1980 to 2022 from WDI. In this study, short-run results suggest that remittance can impact significantly on CO2 emissions in the short run. The long-run result suggests population can intensify carbon emissions in Pakistan. So the policymakers in Pakistan encourage to establish a system that promotes environmental sustainability clean environment and inhibits the emission of carbon in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2024 NUML Journal of Economics
Effect of Foreign Direct Investment, on Environmental Quality: A Case Study of Developing Economies
This study investigates the relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI), financial development (FD), renewable energy (RE), human capital (HC), and environmental quality proxied by CO2 emissions, in developing economies. Using panel quantile regression, the results show that FDI significantly impactsCO2 emissions, supporting the pollution haven theory. FD measured by bank credit to the private sector, is also positively linked with CO2 emissions. However, with a potential reversal when credit is channeled toward green initiatives. RE has a significantly negative impact on CO2 emissions. HC significantly impactsCO2 emissions because it is driven by increased economic activity, industrialization, and urbanization. These findings provide insights into the complex relationships between economic growth and environmental degradation. These findings highlight the need for policymakers to consider the environmental implications of FDI, FD, and HC, and to promote RE and green financing initiatives to mitigate CO2 emissions.
Net Portfolio Investment Inflows to Pakistan: Does Exchange Rate Volatility Matter?
This study investigates the impact of exchange rate volatility on net portfolio investment flows to Pakistan, utilizing quarterly data for the period of 1994Q3 to 2022Q4. We use ARDL model for the analysis. The unit root test results suggest that a few variables are stationary at their level and some are first order integrated (stationary at their first difference), but none of them is second or higher order integrated. The ARDL bound test results validate the existence of long-term relationship among the variables. The findings of the study reveal that in the short run domestic inflation has positive impact on net portfolio investment balance, while domestic industrial production index, interest rate differential, stock price and exchange rate volatility impact net portfolio investment balance negatively in Pakistan. Further, in the long run, domestic industrial production index and interest rate differential cast favourable impact on net portfolio investment balance, while domestic inflation, exchange rate volatility, real effective exchange rate and stock prices have negative and significant effect on net portfolio investment position of Pakistan. Grounded on the findings of the study, we recommend that the policymakers should take suitable measures to control exchange rate volatility in order to improve net portfolio investment position of the country.
Analyzing Behavior change in students and teachers: A Perspective from Theory of Planned Behavior.
The study seeks to assess the relation between Attitude towards the study environment, Subjective norms, perceived Behavior control, and Knowledge sharing behavior Adoption Intention mediate a role in the context education sector. The sample for this study is taken from the educational sector of Pakistan. This research is based on primary and cross-sectional data from 400 plus respondents by using a convenience sampling technique. Almost 450 questionnaires were given back, representing a response rate of 88.8%. The usable questionnaires were 419 for this research study. The research provides evidence that. This research also takes part in the existing literature in three ways. This study about the relation between Attitude towards study environment and knowledge sharing behavior is not so direct. Some variables are influencing and mediating this relationship. Therefore, this research tests a model and develops a complex relation between Attitude towards study environment and knowledge sharing by involving mediators (Adoption Intention). Secondly, studies on Attitude towards study environment and knowledge sharing are done in our country Pakistan. This study is done in developing countries like Pakistan which can help in explaining the effect of this online learning in the broader context. Thirdly, the studies on the linkage of Adoption Intention and Knowledge sharing behavior have been focused on the education sector. This research focuses on the education sector.
The Role of Financial Innovations on the Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions In Pakistan
The ability of a microfinance organization to cover all of its operating expenditures is referred to as its financial Sustainability. Reduce expenses, offer products and services that meet customers' needs, and develop creative means of reaching the unbanked poor to charge interest rates and fees that are sufficient to pay the costs. For microfinance institutions to stay financially viable, they must have a lot of loans, interest rates that are high enough to make a fair profit, and good management. While microfinance has gone a long way since 2000, it's still in its infancy in Pakistan's official banking sector. With the establishment of eight new Microfinance Banks (MFBs) and the transformation of three major Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), two of the world's biggest MFIs have begun operations in Pakistan, showing private sector engagement and institutional variety. Improved policy and regulatory frameworks are a sign of a strong economy. We conduct a secondary and quantitative study for our research.
"Farmers' Attitudes towards Crop Insurance under Climate Change Threats"
This study examines Farmers' Attitudes towards Crop Insurance under Climate Change Threats. The question under study is: what factors influence farmers' willingness to pay for crop insurance? To accomplish the task, we collected primary data from 44 farmers through a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews using the contingent valuation method .The data collected through questionnaires the was done through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive analysis of the data reveled that a large number of farmers were unfamiliar about the crop insurance concept. Furthermore, we found that the income level of households is the main factor that influences farmers’ willingness to pay for crop insurance programs. And most of the farmers are unaware of crop insurance programs. Based on the findings of the research, we recommended that policymakers first raise awareness among farmers about crop insurance programs and then adapt programs to increase insurance adoption and effectiveness.
Volatility Spillover Among Market Indices: Case of Pakistan Stock Exchange
The study aims to investigate the return and volatility spillover of markets after the financial crisis’s year (2007-2008) and its widespread impact on other countries. The return and volatility spillover specific to two indices of Pakistan (KSE-30 and KSE-100) is of significance to corporations, portfolio management firms, mutual funds management firms and investors, as they invest over the benchmark - KSE-100 performance and they totally ignore KSE-30 index, which derives more than 50% of market capitalization. The results of the study provide insights about the manipulation of KSE-100 through KSE-30 by validating return and volatility spillover between the indices using daily data from 30th June 2009 to 31st December 2018, extracted through Karachi stocks and using financial econometrics models, GARCH, MGARCH, ARMA, Q statistics, and t-student distribution. The results generated using the aforementioned analysis conclude the presence of return spillover between KSE-30 and KSE-100 and no effect of volatility spillover from one index to another.
Impact of Technological Progress on International Trade in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis
The study aims to identify the impact of technological progress on international trade in Pakistan over the time span from 1990 to 2021. The study employed linear regression model to find the relationship among the variables like technological progress, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, local investment and international trade. The results indicate that the impact of technological progress on international trade is positive and significant for the specified period in Pakistan. The findings also show that FDI, economic growth, and capital formation have a positive effect on international trade.
Impact of Money Supply on Inflation in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis
The study analyzed the impact of money supply on Inflation in Pakistan. The data is taken from World Development Indicators for the period 1971-2020. Augmented Dickey Fuller Test is applied to check the stationarity of data. Vector Error Correction Model is applied for long run and short run estimates because all the variables are integrated of order one. Vector Error Correction estimates show that money supply has positive and significant impact on Log of Consumer Price Index in the long run. Gross domestic product (GDP) also exerts strong positive impact on inflation in Pakistan.
Impact of Major Crops, Livestock and Labor Force Participation on Aggregate Productivity in Pakistan
Agriculture sector production plays an important role in promoting the economic situation of developing economies. This study investigates the relationship of major crops and livestock with gross domestic product (GDP) using time series data from 1993 to 2022. The study employed autoregressgive distributed lag (ARDL) model to find long run relationship between variables. The study found that wheat and cotton are found to have positive relation with the dependent variable. The output of sugarcane is found to have negative and insignificant impact on the dependent variable. Moreover, study finds that the output of livestock also has positive effect on aggregate productivity in Pakistan.
Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation in Pakistan
This study investigates the readiness of urban residents to adopt nature-based climate adaptation options in three cities of Pakistan. A systematic random sampling approach was employed for survey administration. A proportional sample of respondents was contacted from each sector or zone, based on data from the Census of Pakistan, 2017. The sample size comprised of 1000 respondents, with 250 respondents targeted from each city. Nature-based solutions have significant potential to decrease the vulnerability and enhance the resilience of cities in light of climatic change. Drawing on primary survey and econometric analysis, the study demonstrates a positive correlation between citizens' readiness to adapt and their age, exposure to harsh climates, pessimistic forecasts for the future climate, and perceived danger. Additionally, household composition, respondents’ use of recreational and environmental services, and their social collaboration appear to induce their adoption of nature-based climate adaptation options in our study areas.
Impact of Social Media on Students’ Academic Performance: A Case Study of University of Chitral
This descriptive study, conducted at the University of Chitral, focused on examining the influence of social media on student’s academic performance. The research formulated four hypotheses and aimed to investigate the impact of social media engagement on student’s academic performance. From a total population of 1000 undergraduate students, a random sample of 250 was initially chosen; however, due to common bias errors, the final sample comprised 243 students. The Likert-type rating questionnaire was employed to collect data, and descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentages were utilized to analyze demographic information. The study utilized regression analysis to test the formulated hypotheses by using SPSS software. The findings revealed a negative influence of social media on students because most of the students at the university of Chitral were addicted to social media. Despite the adverse effects, the research highlights the potential for positive use of social media in an educational context. This study contributes to the understanding of the complex relationship between social media and student’s academic performance, providing insights for educators and policymakers to harness the positive aspects while mitigating the negative impacts of social media on undergraduate students. Keywords: social media, academic performance, social media addictiveness, social media exposure